Siberian Archaeology 4: Karama

Stone tools found in the Russian Altai confirm a human presence in central Asia at ca. 800,000BP. Who were these hominins and what is the evidence?  Perhaps it was Homo antecessor (pictured below from Wikimedia commons (2018))?

Karama is an open-air site in southern Siberia. It lies approximately 400km SSE of the city of Novosibirsk on the banks of the Anui River in the northwest of the Altai.

Sites in the region were first noted when 1959 with the discovery of a few flint flakes, followed by petrified bones of large animals in the Iskra Cave in the vicinity of the settlement of the same name.

It took another twenty years, for a systematic, series of excavations to begin under the direction of the Siberian archaeologist A. P. Okladnikov. In total, more than 30 caves and some open-air, sites  have now shown evidence of Palaeolithic occupation in the Anui Valley. This unique series of sites includes, Denisova Cave, Okladnikov Cave, Strashnaya Cave, Chagyrskaya Cave, Razboinichya Cave and Karama. The Karama site was discovered in 2001. Presumably this was excavation no.1, on which I have been unable to find any information. The details below refer to excavation no. 2.

The Karama site. Above: View of the site from across the valley, Shunkov (2018) and below initial stages of the excavation from Earth Chronicles (2017).

The dig in progress from Bolikhovskaya and Shunkov (2014).

Second view of the excavation progress, clearly showing the Lower Palaeolithic levels from Shunkov (2018).

On the likely hominins occupying the site and lithics discovered, Zwyns (2014) helpfully translates and summarises papers originally, in Russian: “According to Derevianko, the Altai was first colonized by small populations of Homo erectus/ergaster starting from c. 800 ka, that subsequently disappeared from the region c. 500 ka.

The site that would best represent this first wave of human occupation is Karama, along the Anuy River. The diversity of the exotic flora is said to fit with a Middle Pleistocene attribution and the RTL dates of 643 +/- 130 ka and 542 +/-  110 ka have

been obtained on the lower portion of the sequence (layers 8–14). Although the identifiable artifacts do not include handaxes, Derevianko and Shunkov tend to emphasize elements that would fit with an Acheulean attribution. The technology is described as cores on pebble blanks and flakes with subparallel dorsal pattern. The tool-kit includes various kinds of scrapers (including naturally backed examples), Clactonian notches, and choppers. More surprising is the reported presence of core-like endscrapers with abrupt retouch. Derevianko acknowledged that the first Lower Paleolithic occupation of the Altai is elusive and likely represents a short-term event.”

Lithics from the Karama site placed in the context of the recoded stratigraphy from Derevianko and Shun’kov (2008).

Lithics unearthed at Karama from Shunkov (2018). The slightly confusing, original caption reads: Hunting equipment of primitive inhabitants of the Anui Valley (left). Photo by V. Kavelin. Archaic pebble tool from the site Karama (center). A very ancient point from Karama (right). Photo by V. Kavelin.

Primitive pebble stone tool excavated at Karama from Derevyanko (2019).

On the possible assignment of the early Acheulian tools found to a Clactonian facies it is interesting to look at Stringer (2006), italics mine: “..there are further clues to the nature of the Clactonian from a site.. at Ebbsfleet. Large-scale excavations there for the Channal Tunnel Rail Link and associated engineering works since 1997 have been accompanied by archaeological investigations and, in 2003.. the skeleton of a straight-tusked elephant was found surrounded by about 100 stone tools – Clactonian tools. As at Swanscombe, pollen and other evidence suggested that this Clactonian occupation was early in the warm part of the same interglacial period (about 400,000BP). But the the association of Clactonian tools and a large mammal skeleton was very significant because it had previously been suggested that handaxes were the preferred tools for butchery at this time, yet there are none at Ebbsfleet..”

Therefore there is some precedent for lithic assemblages lacking handaxes, however the dates for the Ebbsfleet lithics are far later than those from Karama. On the other hand, the assumed habitats, climate and, faunal composition of the areas may be broadly similar. Thus an occupation resulting from an early species migration out of Africa, such as that postulated for Homo ergaster/antecessor is not out of the question. It also fits with Stringer’s idea that the hominins that made the Happisburgh footprints 850,000 years ago were Homo antecessor.

However, it was a close analysis of the palynology of the sediments that confirmed the extremely advanced age of the Karama site. Bolikhovskaya and Shunkov (2014) summarised the evidence thus:

“The composition of the autochthonous palynoflora from Karama’s three units comprises over 130 taxa of various tiers. Pollen of 45 genera and species of trees and shrubs as well as 56 species, genera, and families of herbaceous plants and subshrubs have been identified. Thirty taxa represent the spore-bearing plant group (mosses, ferns, lycopods, horsetail, and others).The palynoflora of the lower (strata 13–9) and medial (strata 8 and 7) Karama units is substantially richer than that of the earlier examined synchronous sediments at Cherny Anui and Nizhny Karakol that contained only 25 genera and species of arboreal and shrub taxa. However, according to the taxonomic composition of the dendroflora and the structure of paleophytocenoses, the periods of accumulation of these sediments were relatively close to the interglacial periods reconstructed for Karama. The pollen spectra from Karama strata 7, 8 and 10–13 contain a considerable number of elements that are non-typical of modern boreal flora (Picea sect. Omorica, Pinus sect. Strobus, Pinus cf. koraiensis, Betula sect. Costatae) and nemoral European, Far Eastern and other taxa (Juglans mandshurica, Carpinus betulus, C. cordata, C. orientalis, Ostrya sp., Quercus robur, Tilia cordata, T. amurensis, T. mandshurica, Ulmus pumila, Corylus avellana, Alnus glutinosa, A. incana, Morus sp.). Many were first recorded in the pollen spectra of the Middle Pleistocene deposits of the Anui valley. The presence of Pinus sect. Strobus, Carpinus cordata, C. orientalis, Ostrya sp., Quercus robur, Tilia cordata, T. amurensis, T. mandshurica, Alnus glutinosa, A. incana, Corylus avellana, Juglans mandshurica Carpinus betulus, Ulmus pumila, Morus  sp., etc. in strata 7, 8 and 10–13 as well as eco-coenotic features of the exotic taxa found, results of the analysis of the geographical groups of dendroflora, and other data suggest the Middle Pleistocene age of the sediments. For instance, hop hornbeam Ostrya sp. and mulberry Morus sp., belonging to the group of American-Mediterranean-Asian genera, indicate the Middle Pleistocene age of sediments in the southern Cis-Baikal and Upper Amur regions (Makhova, 1978; Grichuk, 1982). The interglacial palynofloras of Karama differ considerably from the Early Pleistocene floras of the eastern Altai, southern part of Western Siberia, and other mountainous and plain regions of Siberia and the Far East. They lack pollen grains of subtropical, broad-leaved species such as Pterocarya, Carya, Zelkova, Celtis, Ilex, Tsuga , and other exotic taxa of the pine family that are characteristic of the warm-loving Early Pleistocene floras of the named regions. This contradicts the idea that Karama dates back to the Early Pleistocene. However, some researchers argue that the Early Pleistocene age of the Karama lower unit cannot be ruled out (Zykin et al., 2005). This assumption is based on paleomagnetic testing of the entire section that yielded evidence of normal polarity as well as on the presence of two vertisols in the lower portion of the section. Previously, such soils were recorded only in Pliocene sediments of Western and Middle Siberia. This allowed V.S. Zykin and his colleagues to correlate the lower Karama strata with the Barnaul Lower Pleistocene layers, and, correspondingly, with the Olduvai subchron. However, we can hardly agree with this assumption, since the Middle Pleistocene interglacals reconstructed on the basis of the Karama pollen data differ considerably from the period of formation of the Barnaul strata in southern Western Siberia in floral, phytocenosis, and paleoclimatic characteristics. The sediments bearing the Barnaul floral remains were formed in forest-steppe and steppe zones and in a climate similar to the modern climate, while the Karama interglacial floras existed under warmer and less continental climatic conditions than today. The spore and pollen spectra of Karama indicate considerable faunal changes mirroring numerous fluctuations of plant biomes caused by climatic fluctuations over four reconstructed stages of the Brunhes event. The first interglacial recorded in the section corresponds to the accumulation period of strata 13–10 that can be correlated with MIS 19, or the Gremyachie interglacial of the Russian Plain dated to 790–760 ka BP. This period was characterized by a climate warmer than it is now and a dominance of forest-steppe and forest landscapes.”

Other commentators, also concur with this dating: from Kuzmin and Kazansky (2019): “Factual information and its interpretation regarding the geological age of the Lower Palaeolithic site of Karama (Altai Mountains, Siberia) are considered. It is demonstrated that palynological data do not allow to date this site to earlier than ca. 800 kya; archaeological data are consistent with this estimate. The viewpoint of V. S. Zykin with coauthors, according to which the age of Karama is ca. 1.95-1.77 mya, finds no support in the light of the available geological and paleomagnetic evidence. The so-called “Karama suite” of the Upper Pliocene of Altai Mountains in reality does not exist. For the time being there are no reliable data indicating than the initial peopling of Siberia took place prior to ca. 1 mya.”

References

Bolikhovskaya, N.S. and Shunkov, M.V., 2014. Pleistocene environments of northwestern Altai: Vegetation and climate. Archaeology, Ethnology and Anthropology of Eurasia, 42(2), pp.2-17.

Derevianko, A. P. and M. V. Shun’kov (2008) Early Paleolithic of Altai in Early Paleolithic Of Eurasia: New Discoveries, International Conference Program and Abstracts Krasnodar – Temriuk, 1–6 September 2008 S. A. Vasil’ev, A. P. Derevianko, G. G. Matishov, Kh. A. Amirkhanov, V. E. Shchelinsky, A. A. Velichko, G. I. Medvedev, L. B. Vishnyatsky, S. A. Kulakov, V. V. Titov eds.

Derevyanko A.P. (2019). Science First Hand “Where has Homo sapiens come from” from: https://scfh.ru/en/papers/where-has-homo-sapiens-come-from/ accessed 17.08.19

Earth Chronicles (2017) “There are confirmations that people appeared in Siberia 800 thousand years ago” at: http://earth-chronicles.com/science/there-are-confirmations-that-people-appeared-in-siberia-800-thousand-years-ago.html accessed 14.08.19

Kuzmin, V. and Y. Kazansky (2019). Chronology of the Lower Palaeolithic Site of Karama (Gorny Altai): Facts and Problems. Stratum plus. 2019. No1 online at

https://www.e-anthropology.com/English/Catalog/Archaeology/STM_DWL_coSJ_lBu5LSrAZyBs.aspx accessed 14.08.19

Shunkov, M.V. (2018). Science First Hand, “The Golden Section of the Anui” from https://scfh.ru/en/papers/the-golden-section-of-anui/ accessed 14.08.19

Stringer, C., 2007. Homo Britannicus: The incredible story of human life in Britain. Penguin UK.

Wikipedia commons (2018) https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Homo-Antecessor.jpeg accessed 17.08.19

Homo luzonensis – another member of the human family found in southeast Asia.

Callao Cave lies within what was initially, the Callao Cave National Park. It was first set up during the American colonial period of the Philippines (1898-1946). The then, American Governor-General Theodore Roosevelt, Jr., (son of the American president), created the Philippines, National Park system with the passing of Act No. 3195. Callao Cave became one of the earliest national parks of the country when it was established on July 16, 1935. The park has been enlarged several times since, and now forms part of the Peñablanca Protected Landscape and Seascape.

Prior to the archaeological interest of the cave being established, it was a show cave with 11 chambers. The cathedral-like first chamber is the largest room with a width of about 50 m (160 ft) and a height of 36 m (118 ft). This chamber has been turned into a chapel by the local people with the alter a natural rock formation lit by a stream of light from an opening in the roof.

Callao cave from Tayag (2019)

Excavations in 2007 by Armand Salvador Mijares discovered the first human fossil: a metatarsal, tentatively assigned, at the time to Homo sapiens. Excavations continued and further fossils were uncovered.

Based on the metatarsal found in 2007 and other more recently discovered bones a new species of human was announced in April 2019, by Détroit et al. (2019).

Named Homo luzonensis for the island of its discovery in the Philippines, the bones have been dated to 67,000BP by the U/Th method. The fossil collection consists of an additional 12 bones and teeth. From the paper: “Continued excavations in Callao Cave that originally yielded the hominin third metatarsal (which we here call CCH1 for ‘Callao Cave Hominin 1’) have produced another twelve hominin elements from the same stratigraphic layer (layer 14): seven postcanine maxillary teeth (CCH6-a to CCH6-e, CCH8, CCH9); two manual phalanges (CCH2 and CCH5); two pedal phalanges (CCH3 and CCH4) and a femoral shaft (CCH7). CCH1 and CCH6-a are directly dated by U-series analysis to minimum ages of 67 thousand years (kyr) and 50 kyr, respectively. Crown morphology, grade of occlusal wear and exact correspondences of interproximal contact facets demonstrate that five of the upper right teeth belonged to a single individual (CCH6-a to CCH6-e).

The molars and pre-molars of Homo luzonensis from Margaritoff (2019). These are the fossils named as CCH6a-e.

These teeth along with two others (a L P3/4 and an additional R M3), do not match those of any known hominin species. Put simply: their varied morphology and small sizes do not match any human ancestors. As Détroit et al (2019) point out: “the overall pattern of morphology seen in the dental remains of H. luzonensis is easily distinguishable from all previously described hominin species.”

Pruitt (2019) on the proximal phalanx recovered: “The foot bones identified as Homo luzonensis also stand out for their combination of primitive and developed features, which indicates members of the species might have had a distinctive way of walking. The proximal phalanx (which forms the base of the toe) is curved, with highly developed insertions for the muscles involved in the flexion of the foot.” She also interviewed Détroit: “These characteristics do not exist in Homo sapiens,” he said. In fact, the foot bones found in Callao Cave are more similar, to Australopithecus, which was known to live only in Africa some 2-3 million years ago. This suggests Homo luzonensis might (like Australopithecus) have had the ability to easily climb trees as well as walk upright on two legs, though it’s not clear whether they did so.

Proximal phalanx excavated from Callao cave, from Pruitt (2019). Original caption reads: “A proximal foot phalanx of Homo luzonensis, showing the longitudinal curvature of the bone.”

The remainder of the pedal and manual phalanxes also showed affinities to Australopithecines.

The final fossil found was a femoral shaft. Again from Détroit: “The referred specimen, CCH7, is a partial left femur from which both the proximal and distal ends are missing. Transverse slices of micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) scans show a high density of Haversian canals in the cortical bone that is characteristic of a growing juvenile individual.“ Due to its incomplete nature it was of little diagnostic value, except to show that the species was probably of short stature.

Finally Détroit et al. conclude: “The presence of two right upper third molars (M3; CCH6-a and CCH9) and a juvenile femoral shaft (CCH7) indicates that at least three individuals are represented. On the basis of the unique mosaic of primitive (that is, Australopithecus-like) and derived (that is, H. sapiens-like) morphological features observed on these specimens, we assign them to a new species, H. luzonensis.”

Whilst these remains put archaic humans, possibly related to Australopithecines, in Luzon as recently as 50,000 years ago when they arrived is an open question. However, other definite, evidence of occupation of the island has been published recently.

Ingicco et al. (2018) excavated a site in the Cagayan valley of northern Luzon, only 30km from Calao Cave. This site (Kalinga) has yielded 57 stone tools and remains of megafauna (Rhinoceros philippinensis): an almost-complete disarticulated skeleton, which shows clear signs of butchery. Other fossil faunal remains found are attributed to stegodon, Philippine brown deer, freshwater turtle and monitor lizard. All finds originate from a clay-rich bone bed that was dated to between 777 and 631 thousand years ago using electron-spin resonance methods that were applied to tooth enamel and fluvial quartz.

Regionally both east and west of the Wallace line there are a number, of equally old or slightly younger finds. The map below shows some of the most important sites:

Important south east Asian regional hominin sites adapted from Soares et al. (2008). Dark grey: current coastline; light grey: sea level at LGM -120m, here assumed to be similar to low stands during previous glaciations. It is noteworthy that all sites occupied between 700,000 and 50,000BP were at one time or another, within easy reach of Sundaland.

These include:

The original Homo erectus material from Trinil and further discoveries made on Java. Dating on these fossils is still contentious, with dates ranging from as recent as ca. 70,000BP to as old as ca. 550,000BP.

The 110,000-200,000 year old stone tools from Sulawesi I covered in an earlier post (see here).

The Homo floresiensis material from Liang Bua Cave on Nusa Tunggara East (“Flores”). This is another small bodied, possibly Australopithecine, related hominin which survived to approximately 50,000BP.

From the same island is the Mata Menge jawbone, predating Homo floresiensis by a full 650,000 years, yet still hypothesised to be the ‘Hobbit’s’ ancestor. Whilst the huge time span of these dates seems to make this hypothesis far-fetched a recent paper by Argue et al. (2017) based on morphometric comparisons has found that: “H. floresiensis is sister either to H. habilis alone or to a clade consisting of at least H. habilis, H. erectus, Homo ergaster, and H. sapiens. A close phylogenetic relationship between H. floresiensis and H. erectus or H. sapiens can be rejected; furthermore, most of the traits separating H. floresiensis from H. sapiens are not readily attributable to pathology (e.g., Down syndrome). The results suggest H. floresiensis is a long-surviving relict of an early (>1.75 Ma) hominin lineage and a hitherto unknown migration out of Africa, and not a recent derivative of either H. erectus or H. sapiens.”

Lastly there are the Acheulian stone tools from the Air Tawar in southern Sumatra excavated by a French team – see Forestier (2007). These are between 400,000 and 200,000 years old and are some of the largest bifaces found outside of Africa being over 30cm long.

Acheulian biface discovered at Air Tawar, southern Sumatra from Forestier (2007).

Whilst the original finding of Homo floresiensis seemed at the time of its discovery a one-off fluke survival, the further discoveries in south east Asia have begun to paint a picture of far greater Middle Pleistocene, hominin diversity in the region than previously suspected.

Indeed, if we consider the unexplained fossils from nearby mainland Asia, such as those of the Red Deer People, Maba, Dali and Jinniushan we can see that the history of human migration and evolution in the region is far more complex than previously believed.

Personally, I think that true version of the human story in south east Asia has yet to be even dreamed of by current scientists. If I have a Damascene moment and come up with something paradigm-shattering, I’ll let you know.

References

Argue, D., Groves, C.P., Lee, M.S. and Jungers, W.L., 2017. The affinities of Homo floresiensis based on phylogenetic analyses ofácranial, dental, and postcranial characters. Journal of Human Evolution, 107, pp.107-133.

Détroit, F., Mijares, A.S., Corny, J., Daver, G., Zanolli, C., Dizon, E., Robles, E., Grün, R. and Piper, P.J., 2019. A new species of Homo from the Late Pleistocene of the Philippines. Nature, 568(7751), p.181.

Ingicco, T., van den Bergh, G. D., Jago-On, C., Bahain, J., Chacón, M. G., Amano, N., Forestier, H., King, C., Manalo, K., Nomade, S., Pereira, A., Reyes, M. C., Semah, A., Shao, Q., Voinchet, P., Falgueres, C., Albers, P. C.H., Lising, M., Lyras, G., Yurnaldi, D., Rochette, P., Bautista, A. & de Vos, J. (2018). Earliest known hominin activity in the Philippines by 709 thousand years ago. Nature, 557 233-237.

Forestier, H., 2007. Les éclats du passé préhistorique de Sumatra: une très longue histoire des techniques. Archipel, 74(1), pp.15-44.

Margaritoff, M (2019) “Meet The Hobbit-Like Early Human Ancestor Known As Callao Man” from https://allthatsinteresting.com/callao-man-homo-luzonensis accessed 05.08.19

Pruitt, S. (2019) “Previously Unknown Human Species Discovered in the Philippines” A and E Television Networks at https://www.history.com/news/new-hominin-homo-luzonensis-discovery-philippines accessed 04.08.19

Soares, P., Trejaut, J.A., Loo, J.H., Hill, C., Mormina, M., Lee, C.L., Chen, Y.M., Hudjashov, G., Forster, P., Macaulay, V. and Bulbeck, D., 2008. Climate change and postglacial human dispersals in Southeast Asia. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 25(6), pp.1209-1218.

Tayag, Y. (2019). “A New Species of Ancient Human Was Discovered in a Cave in the Philippines” from Inverse at https://www.inverse.com/article/54763-new-species-of-human-is-called-homo-luzonensis accessed 05.08.19

Neanderthals in western Europe

As part of my exploration of the peopling of the Americas, I considered whether Neanderthals could have migrated there in time to be the hominins breaking bones in southern California 130,000BP (see here).

I therefore wanted to know what the distribution of Neanderthal sites, or possible Neanderthal sites was in central/east Asia but also worldwide.

For publication on the blog I created Google a map of the relevant central or east Asian sites. However, I could not resist mapping ALL Neanderthal sites for personal intertest.

I thought, a fairly, comprehensive list and map, might be of interest to readers of this blog. Below is my list and map. You can zoom the Google map in to each Neanderthal location. This is particularly useful where some sites are close together – for example Gibraltar. Clicking on location brings up a short ‘biography’ for each site.

Enjoy!

Neanderthal sites of western Europe by country

Belgium

Spy Cave

Grottes d'Engis

Scladina Cave

Veldwezelt-Hezerwater

Naulette

Grotte Walou

Grotte Fond-de-Foret

Couvin - Trou de l'Abîme

Oosthoven

Britain

Swanscombe

Devil's Tower Cave (Gibraltar)

Forbes Quarry (Gibraltar)

Gorham's Cave (Gibraltar)

Ibex Cave (Gibraltar)

Beefsteak Cave (Gibraltar)

Europa point 1 (Gibraltar)

Cresswell Crags - Pin Hole Cave

Cresswell Crags - Church Hole Cave

Cresswell Crags - Robin Hood Cave

Cresswell Crags - Mother Grundy's Parlour

Langwith Cave

Dead Man's Cave

Durdam Down cave

Pontnewydd Cave

Lion Pit

La Cotte de St. Brelade (Jersey)

Great Yarmouth Neanderthal Handaxes

Lynford Quarry

Coygan Cave

Bournemouth Bout Coupe Handaxes

Westley Brick Pit

Catalan Bay (Gibraltar)

Dartford

Ash Tree Cave

Pleasley Vale Cave

Whaley Rockshelters

Harborough Rocks Cave

Wincle Handaxe

Elder Bus Cave

Ravencliffe Cave

Hopton Hand Axe

Denmark

Hollerup

France

La Chapelle-aux-Saints

La Quina

Les Roi Cave

Saint Césaire

Arcy-Sur-Cure

Pech-de-l'Aze

Roc de Marsal

Grotte du Lazaret

Bruniquel Cave

La Ferrassie

Combe Grenal

Le Moustier

Grotte de la Chaise

Payre

Grotte des Barasses

Orgnac 3

Abri Moula

La grotte d'Artenac

Grotte de Fontéchevade

La grotte de Montgaudier

Grotte du Placard

Abri des Pêcheurs

Abri du Maras

La grotte de l'Hortus

Regourdou

Baume Néron

Grotte de Malarnaud

Bau de l’Aubesier

Biache-Saint-Vaast

Grotte des Fées – Châtelperron

Les Rochers-de-Villeneuve

Le Fond des Blanchards

Ormesson

Tourville-La-Riviere

Menez Dregan

Brassempouy

La Roque St. Christophe

Pou au Rozel

L’Alouette

La Roche Cotard

Les Etangs de la Brenière

Les Bosses

La Tour Fondue

Mazet-Saint-Voy

Grotte de Saint Anne I

La Grotte du Rond du Barry

L'Homme de Denise

Petit-Puymoyen

Marcilly-sur-Eure skull

Caours

Grotte de Boccard

Chez-Pourre-Chez-Comte

Champlost - Le Dessous de Bailly

Angé

Saint-Germain-des-Vaux

Abri Peyrony

Germany

Kleine Feldhofer Grotte

Geißenklösterle

Ehringsdorf Quarry

Taubach

Lehringen

Salzgitter

Königsaue

Neumark Nord 1

Sesselfelsgrotte

Ochtendung

Hunas

Große Grotte

Greece

Apidima

Kalamakia Cave

Lakonis

Stelida

Plakias-Preveli

Fiskardo

Yerakas

Kounoupena

Rekini-Ropilla

Kefali

Gouvia – Tzavrou

Diaplo

Stroya

Paliostani

Kombitsi

Stalakto

Gardhiki

Korissia

Ayios Yeoryios

Glyfoneri

Samarina

Ouriakos

Theopetra Cave

Italy

Poggetti Vecchi

Mount Circeo - Grotta Guattari

Saccopastore

Sedia del Diavolo

Monte delle Gioie

Ponte Mammolo

Casal de' Pazzi

Riparo Bombrini

Riparo Mochi

Grotta di Fumane

Altamura - Lamalunga Cave

Arma delle Manie

Caverna delle Fate

Netherlands

Doggerland Neanderthal

Mander

Sint Geertruid de Kaap

Portugal

Abrigo do Lagar Velho

Gruta da Oliveira

Gruta Nova da Columbeira

Gruta da Figueira Brava

Gruta de Salemas

Furninha

Spain
Cueva de los Aviones

Abric Romaní

Aranbaltza III

Axlor

Roca dels Bous Rockshelter

Cova Gran rock shelter

Cova de l’Estret de Trago

Cueva de la Peña del Cuco

Bolomor

La Cueva de Valdegoba

Cova Negra

Cueva del Angel

Cueva Bajondillo

El Sidrón

Cueva de El Castillo

Tossal de la Font

Lezetxiki

Cova Foradá

Cueva Corazó

Cueva de los Casares

Cuevas de Valdegoba

Cueva del Trader de Cubelles

Bayonales

Cueva del Gigante

Cueva de Mollet

Cueva de la Carihuela

Cova Eirós

La Cueva de Covalejos

Sima De Las Palomas

Cova de les Teixoneres

Cova del Toll

Cueva de la Güelga

Cueva del Boquete de Zafarraya

Jarama VI

Arrillor

Calvero de la Higuera

El Salt

Cueva de los Moros

Cueva Antón

Finca Doña Martina

Abrigo de La Boja

Cueva de El Esquilleu

L'Arbreda

Cueva del Otero

La Viña

Labeko Koba

Cueva de Amalda

Cova Beneito

La Blanca (Murcia)

La Blanca (Oña)

Nerja

Atapuerca - Galería de las Estatuas

Cova da Valiña

Switzerland

Grotte de Cotencher